Compare Tromelin Island (2002) - Mali (2008)

Compare Tromelin Island (2002) z Mali (2008)

	Tromelin Island (2002)	Mali (2008)

Administrative divisions	-	8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou
Age structure	-	0-14 years: 48.2% (male 2,921,914/female 2,853,976) 15-64 years: 48.8% (male 2,891,494/female 2,959,142) 65 years and over: 3.1% (male 149,301/female 219,575) (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products	-	cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats
Airports	1 (2001)	29 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways	-	total: 8 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2002)	total: 21 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 8 (2007)
Area	total: 1 sq km land: 1 sq km water: 0 sq km	total: 1.24 million sq km land: 1.22 million sq km water: 20,000 sq km
Area - comparative	about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC	slightly less than twice the size of Texas
Background	First explored by the French in 1776, the island came under the jurisdiction of Reunion in 1814. At present, it serves as a sea turtle sanctuary and is the site of an important meteorological station.	The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 by a military coup - led by the current president Amadou TOURE - enabling Mali's emergence as one of the strongest democracies on the continent. President Alpha KONARE won Mali's first democratic presidential election in 1992 and was reelected in 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, KONARE stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou TOURE, who was subsequently elected to a second term in 2007. The elections were widely judged to be free and fair.
Birth rate	-	49.61 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Budget	-	revenues: $764 million expenditures: $828 million (2002 est.)
Capital	-	name: Bamako geographic coordinates: 12 39 N, 8 00 W time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Climate	tropical	subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February)
Coastline	3.7 km	0 km (landlocked)
Constitution	-	adopted 12 January 1992
Country name	conventional long form: none conventional short form: Tromelin Island local long form: none local short form: Ile Tromelin	conventional long form: Republic of Mali conventional short form: Mali local long form: Republique de Mali local short form: Mali former: French Sudan and Sudanese Republic
Death rate	-	16.51 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Debt - external	-	$2.8 billion (2002)
Dependency status	possession of France; administered by a high commissioner of the Republic, resident in Reunion	-
Diplomatic representation from the US	-	chief of mission: Ambassador Terrence P. MCCULLEY embassy: located just off the Roi Bin Fahad Aziz Bridge just west of the Bamako central district mailing address: ACI 2000, Rue 243, Porte 297, Bamako telephone: [223] 270-2300 FAX: [223] 270-2479
Diplomatic representation in the US	-	chief of mission: Ambassador Abdoulaye DIOP chancery: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950 FAX: [1] (202) 332-6603
Disputes - international	claimed by Madagascar and Mauritius	none
Economic aid - recipient	-	$691.5 million (2005)
Economy - overview	no economic activity	Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% of its land area desert or semidesert and with a highly unequal distribution of income. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population is nomadic and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. Mali is heavily dependent on foreign aid and vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices for cotton, its main export, along with gold. The government has continued its successful implementation of an IMF-recommended structural adjustment program that is helping the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign investment. Mali's adherence to economic reform and the 50% devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 have pushed up economic growth to a 5% average in 1996-2007. Worker remittances and external trade routes for the landlocked country have been jeopardized by continued unrest in neighboring Cote d'Ivoire.
Electricity - consumption	-	412.9 million kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports	-	0 kWh; note - recent hydropower developments may be providing electricity to Senegal and Mauritania (2005)
Electricity - imports	-	0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - production	-	444 million kWh (2005)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 7 m	lowest point: Senegal River 23 m highest point: Hombori Tondo 1,155 m
Environment - current issues	NA	deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching
Environment - international agreements	-	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups	-	Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%
Exchange rates	-	Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003)
Executive branch	-	chief of state: President Amadou Toumani TOURE (since 8 June 2002) head of government: Prime Minister Modibo SIDIBE (since 28 September 2007) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 29 April 2007 (next to be held April in 2012); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Amadou Toumani TOURE reelected president; percent of vote - Amadou Toumani TOURE 71.2%, Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA 19.2%, other 9.6%
Exports	-	0 bbl/day (2004)
Exports - commodities	-	cotton, gold, livestock
Exports - partners	-	China 26.8%, Germany 24.9%, Thailand 7.1%, Taiwan 4.9%, Bangladesh 4% (2006)
Fiscal year	-	calendar year
Flag description	the flag of France is used	three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
GDP - composition by sector	-	agriculture: 45% industry: 17% services: 38% (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	-	4.3% (2007 est.)
Geographic coordinates	15 52 S, 54 25 E	17 00 N, 4 00 W
Geography - note	climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones; wildlife sanctuary (seabirds, tortoises)	landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern, cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the northern, arid Saharan
Household income or consumption by percentage share	-	lowest 10%: 2.4% highest 10%: 30.2% (2001)
Imports	-	4,369 bbl/day (2004)
Imports - commodities	-	petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs, textiles
Imports - partners	-	France 12.8%, Senegal 12.2%, Cote d'Ivoire 10.5% (2006)
Independence	-	22 September 1960 (from France)
Industrial production growth rate	-	NA%
Industries	-	food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining
Infant mortality rate	-	total: 105.65 deaths/1,000 live births male: 115.29 deaths/1,000 live births female: 95.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	-	4.5% (2002 est.)
International organization participation	-	ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Irrigated land	0 sq km (1998 est.)	2,360 sq km (2003)
Judicial branch	-	Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
Labor force	-	3.93 million (2001 est.)
Labor force - by occupation	-	agriculture: 80% industry and services: 20% (2001 est.)
Land boundaries	0 km	total: 7,243 km border countries: Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km
Land use	arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (grasses; scattered bushes) (1998 est.)	arable land: 3.76% permanent crops: 0.03% other: 96.21% (2005)
Languages	-	French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages
Legal system	the laws of France, where applicable, apply	based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch	-	unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 1 and 22 July 2007 (next to be held in July 2012) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ADP coalition 113 (including ADEMA 51, URD 34, MPR 8, CNID 7, UDD 3, and other 10), FDR coalition 15 (including RPM 11, PARENA 4), SADI 4, independent 15
Life expectancy at birth	-	total population: 49.51 years male: 47.6 years female: 51.46 years (2007 est.)
Literacy	-	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 46.4% male: 53.5% female: 39.6% (2003 est.)
Location	Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar	Western Africa, southwest of Algeria
Map references	Africa	Africa
Maritime claims	continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM	none (landlocked)
Military - note	defense is the responsibility of France	-
Military branches	-	Malian Armed Forces: Army, Republic of Mali Air Force (Force Aerienne de la Republique du Mali, FARM), National Guard (2007)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	-	1.9% (2006)
National holiday	-	Independence Day, 22 September (1960)
Nationality	-	noun: Malian(s) adjective: Malian
Natural hazards	NA	hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding
Natural resources	fish	gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum, granite, hydropower note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited
Net migration rate	-	-6.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Political parties and leaders	-	Alliance for Democratic Change (political group comprised mainly of Tuareg from Mali's northern region); African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO, secretary general]; Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP (a coalition of political parties including ADEMA and URD formed in December 2006 to support the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE); Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE]; Convergence 2007 [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA]; Front for Democracy and the Republic or FDR (a coalition of political parties including RPM and PARENA formed to oppose the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE); National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME]; Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel MAIGA]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT; Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA]; Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE]; Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]; Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Soumaila CISSE]
Population	uninhabited, except for visits by scientists (July 2002 est.)	11,995,402 (July 2007 est.)
Population below poverty line	-	64% (2001 est.)
Population growth rate	-	2.681% (2007 est.)
Ports and harbors	none; offshore anchorage only	-
Radio broadcast stations	-	AM 1, FM 230 (27 regional and government stations, and 203 private stations), shortwave 1 (2001)
Railways	-	total: 729 km narrow gauge: 729 km 1.000-m gauge (2006)
Religions	-	Muslim 90%, Christian 1%, indigenous beliefs 9%
Sex ratio	-	at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.024 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.977 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.988 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Suffrage	-	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	-	general assessment: domestic system unreliable but improving; provides only minimal service domestic: fixed-line availability is gradually increasing, but subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has increased sharply to 13 per 100 persons international: country code - 223; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use	-	82,500 (2006)
Telephones - mobile cellular	-	1.513 million (2006)
Television broadcast stations	-	2 (plus repeaters) (2007)
Terrain	low, flat, and sandy; likely volcanic	mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast
Total fertility rate	-	7.38 children born/woman (2007 est.)
Unemployment rate	-	14.6% (2001 est.)
Waterways	none	1,800 km (2007)

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